Gum disease is usually caused by a build-up of plaque bacteria, and the best way to remove that bacteria is to brush twice a day. But no matter how well you clean your teeth, there will always be corners that are tricky to reach. Plaque collects in those corners and can eventually mineralise into a hard, crusty deposit called calculus, or tartar, which brushing alone cannot remove.
If that deposit is left, more plaque bacteria build up around the tooth and potentially below the gum line, and gum disease progresses from there.
To reduce the risk, or to stop existing gum disease becoming more serious, have a professional clean, a scale and polish, to get the teeth properly clean.
What to expect at a scale and polish
The first stage removes the deposits of plaque bacteria and tartar. An ultrasonic scaler takes off the bulk of it, and specialised hand instruments then scrape away any stubborn remains.
The next stage is the polish, which smooths the tooth surface. It removes staining and leaves the teeth brighter, but it is not purely cosmetic. It also smooths away minor imperfections and rough patches where plaque would otherwise gather again.
Your dentist will advise how often you should have one. Professional cleaning supports a daily oral health routine; it does not replace brushing twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste.